Observation of Planet Mars

Mars store a plethora of mystery to humans on Earth. Several observations made by scientists to unravel the mystery, from the level of material beings living there.

For the latter, the plan will be implemented later this year. After more than four decades of human send robots to Mars, man has now entered a new phase. Men will jump to the Curiosity rover vehicle mission to the red planet.

In fact, Mars has been observed by humans for thousands of years. However, with a different perspective. With the advent of advanced technology, humans continue to change the perception that the red planet once in a while.

Here is a series of observations that humans are divided in five years, said VIVAnews.com of HowItWorksDaily.com, Saturday, March 26, 2011:

• In 1500 SMPermukaan Planet Mars

At this time, the kingdom of Egypt very glorious. They named Mars as "Horus the Falcon," a falcon-headed god. Horus is known as one of the oldest gods and significant role in ancient Egyptian religion. At that time, the human record retrograde motion (setback) of Mars, where he moves back outside or inside for that orbits the Earth. Humans still regard Mars as another satellite to the moon.

• In 350 BC

Aristotle became the first man to say that Mars distance greater than the distance of the Moon to Earth, although it is still considered the Red Planet in Earth orbit, and not the gift Based on their observations, Aristotle notes that the moon passed in front of Mars.

• Year 1609 AD

At this time, humans have known telescope. Using the telescope, Galileo Galilei became the first humans to directly observe Mars up close. He said no Mars orbits the Sun, the Earth. Unfortunately, perception is contradicted by the Vatican.

• Year 1666 AD

An astronomer named Giovanni Cassini trying to calculate how long a day on Mars. Through observation teleskopiknya, he noticed that there was ice at the poles, and even calculate its distance from Earth.

• In 1840 AD

Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler are the two astronomers who study Mars first with 3.75 inch telescope, and made the first complete draft with the Martian surface.

There is life in the atmosphere of Venus?

The surface of Venus, unlike Earth-friendly living beings. The opportunity to live right there near zero. However, according to some scientists, unlike the case with the atmosphere of Venus.

According to some sources, the possibility of primitive life forms is still circulating among the mixed gases in the atmosphere of Venus.

Not stopping there, the experts said it plans to continue the mission. They will make a sort of mission to collect samples of any potential "residents" who may be hiding there. As reported by the Daily Galaxy, Wednesday, March 23, 2011.

Over the years, several spacecraft approached the planet and analyze it somehow. However, they do not know much about Venus and Mars. The scientists studied the Red Planet is a non-stop over the past decades.

Although theories have emerged and begun to show that there is life on Mars, Venus may be saving the big surprise for scientists, especially astrobiologist. However, the mystery was solved easily evaluated. According to scientists, simply by sending a balloon flying to the planet to capture life in the atmosphere of Venus.

On the surface of the planet Venus, recorded very high temperatures. The heat can even vaporize the mercury and lead turning solid in puddles. Pressure levels up to 20 times the Earth, so we can be sure that the materials and structures of life can not exist on this planet. If anything, they are likely to survive the conditions were minimal.

Surprisingly, even the atmosphere of Venus is similar to Earth. Quite far from the surface. Cloud even have the same temperature as well as pressure level. A number of studies, although small, this means that the chemical composition of the cloud is very similar to the cloud around the Earth for billions of years.

That is, the atmosphere is the atmosphere of Venus is very similar to the atmosphere of the Earth's atmosphere when it formed. The atmosphere of Venus and Earth are both not containing sulfuric acid. This is a promising lead for many people. Indeed, even skeptics admit that this needs to be explored in more detail.

Regardless of the various findings are analyzed from Earth, the fact that scientists feel the need to send a long-range rocket to collect samples directly. Only in this way can ensure that life exists or not on the surface of our neighboring planet Earth.

Planet Uranus Rings

Uranus has a complicated planetary ring system, which is the second such system found in the Solar System after Saturn. The rings are made of extremely dark particles ranging in size from a micrometer to a fraction of a meter.

Most of the material in the ring system smoothness 9 Uranus in thin ring located a distance of from 41,000 to 52,000 km from the center of the planet. Most Uranian rings has a width of 1-10 km, whereas the epsilon ring is on the outside of Uranus is wider and more eccentric. Epsilon ring is located at a distance of 20 km - 96 km.

The particles that compose the rings of Uranus are visible from Earth has a size similar to Saturn's main rings ie ~ 1 cm - 10 m. However, the epsilon ring, its structure is composed of blocks of ice the size of meters. Epsilon ring was also found to have a gray color, with satellites Cordelia and Ophelia act as shepherd satellites for the ring. Furthermore, in all nine rings Uranus are also fine dust particles are distributed fine filler ring.

The particles that compose the rings of Uranus has a very dark color and looks dark carbonaceous asteroids and meteorites chondrites. It is estimated that the particles are composed of ice were irradiated dark, which is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons connected to the ice when formed.

Characteristics of Uranus

NO	JENIS	HASIL
1	Name Planet	Uranus
2	Kala Rotation	17,25 hours
3	Kala Revolution	84 year
4	Atmospheric	Hydrogen, Helium, Methane, Water, Ammonia, etc.
5	Satelit natural	(27) them Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel
6	distance in the Sun	3 billion miles
7	Diameter Planet	51,118 km
8	Color Planet	Green and blue

Structure Foreign Uranus

Uranus' atmosphere is composed of about 83 ± 3% hydrogen, 15 ± 3% helium, methane and hydrogen 2.3% deuterida, ammonia, water, ammonium hydrosulfide, methane (CH4).

The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three layers in the troposphere, between -300 and altitudes of 50 kilometers and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar (10 kPa to 10 MPa) stratosphere ketinggiannnya range between 50 and 4000 km and pressures from 0.1 to 10.10 bar (10 kPa to 10 Pa) and thermosphere / corona extends 4,000 km to as high as 50.000 km from the surface. There mesosphere.

Troposphere is the lowest part of the atmosphere and at the meeting and is characterized by temperatures that drop with altitude. Temperature dropped to about 320 K at the base of the nominal troposphere at -300 km to 53 K at 50 km.

The stratosphere is the layer of the environment where the temperature generally rises to the height of the tropopause to 53 K between 800 and 850 K on the basis of thermosphere. Stratospheric heating is caused by the absorption of UV and infrared radiation for methane and other hydrocarbons, which are formed in the atmosphere as a result of photolysis of methane.

Thermosphere and the crown is the outermost layer of the atmosphere uranium at a uniform temperature around 800-850 K.

Structure In Uranus

Uranus is the planet's lightest among the giant planets, while the density is 1.27 g / cm ³ makes the second planet, least crowded, after Saturn. Although bergaristengah slightly larger than Neptune, Uranus has a diameter reaching 51,118 miles.

Furan density is about 9 g / cm, the pressure at the center of 8,000,000 bars (800 GPa) and a temperature of about 5000 K. Ice sheet is in fact constituted by ice in the conventional sense, but from the hot fluid and an assembly consisting of ammonia, water and other volatiles.

Planet Uranus

Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun and the largest planet in the third and fourth heaviest in the Solar System.

The average distance between Uranus and the Sun is about 3 billion kilometers. Uranus has a mass 14.5 times the mass of Earth. The rotation period of the interior of Uranus is 17 hours and 14 minutes. However, like all giant planets, its upper atmosphere experiences very strong winds in the direction of rotation. As a result, in some latitudes, as two thirds of latitude from the equator to the south pole, the characteristics of the atmosphere that seems to move much more quickly, making complete rotations as small as 14 hours. While the period of revolution is 84 years. Urano Volume 63.08 times the volume of the earth.

Ring Planet Saturn

Saturn is known as the ring on your planet, which makes it one of the objects can be seen the most amazing solar system.

Saturn's rings can be seen using modern telescopes measuring simple or high-powered binoculars. This ring extends 6630 km to 120.700 km above Saturn's equator, and consists of rocks instead of silicon dioxide, iron oxides, and particles of ice and rock. There are two theories about the origin of Saturn's rings. The first theory proposed by Édouard Roche in the 19th century, is an ancient ring of Saturn's moons that orbit Saturn came close enough that the pieces due to tidal forces. Variations of this theory is the moon is broken due to hit a comet or asteroid. The second theory is not the ring of Saturn's moons, but left out of the original nebula that formed Saturn. This theory is not accepted today, because Saturn's rings are considered unstable for a period of millions of years, and is considered a new form.

Although the room was bigger in the ring as the Cassini Division and Encke Division, can be seen from Earth, the Voyagers discovered the ring structure of art consists of thousands of small parts and small ring. This structure is believed to be formed due to gravity moons Saturn through a variety of ways. Some parts generated due to pass such a small moon Pan, and more parts are missing, while some small ring held by the gravitational field of small satellites pastor, as Prometheus and Pandora. Other parts are formed due to resonance between the orbital period of particles, in some parts, and that the highest localized gone Mimas division Cassini thus is more structured ring is actually rotating waves generated by the interference of gravity on periodically.

characteristics of Saturn

NO	JENIS	HASIL
1	Name Planet	Saturnus
2	Kala Rotation	10,14 hours
3	Kala Revolution	29,46 days
4	Atmospheric	Hydrogen, Helium, Methane, Water, Etana, etc.
5	Satelit natural	(56) them Dione, Rhea, Titan
6	distance in the Sun	1,4 billion miles
7	Diameter Planet	60,268 km
8	Color Planet	Yellow vaginal discharge

Structure Foreign Saturn

The outside atmosphere Saturn is made of 96.7% hydrogen, 3% helium, methane and 0.2% ammonia 0.02%. In Saturn's atmosphere also contained little content acetylene, ethane and phosphine.

Clouds of Saturn, like Jupiter, spins at different speeds, depending on the position of latitude. Unlike Jupiter, Saturn is dark clouds and clouds of Saturn is greater at the equator. Cloud lower Saturn made by ice water, and a thickness of approximately 10 kilometers. Saturn is quite low temperature, with a temperature of 250 K (-10 ° F, -23 ° C). Cloud thereon, having a thickness of 50 kilometers is made of ice hidrogensulfida ammonium (chemical symbol: NH4HS) and the top of the cloud are ammonia ice clouds having a thickness of 80 km. The upper part is made of hydrogen and helium gas, wherein the thickness of approximately 200 to 270 km. Aurora is also known to form in the mesosphere Saturn. The temperature at the top of clouds Saturn are very low, amounting to 98 K (-283 ° F, -175 ° C). Temperatures within clouds Saturn larger than the outside because of the heat generated within Saturn. Winds of Saturn is one of the windiest in the solar system, reaching speeds of 500 m / s (1,800 km / h, mph 1118), which is much faster than the wind on Earth.

In the atmosphere of Saturn oval shaped clouds are also similar to the oval-shaped cloud, which is lighter in Jupiter. The point of this oval is a big storm, like a hurricane on Earth. In 1990, the Hubble telescope detects white cloud near Saturn's equator. The storm 1990 known as the white point giant Saturn storms are only unique within a short period of time and appeared every 39 years Earth time. Giant white spots are also found in 1876, 1903, 1933, and 1960. If this cycle remains constant, it is expected that in 2020, a large white spot will be formed again.

Voyager 1 probe detects hexagonal cloud near the north pole of Saturn around latitude 80 ° north. Cassini-Huygens confirmed later in 2006. Unlike the north pole, south pole shows no clouds hexagonal shape and attractive, Cassini discovered a storm similar to tropical cyclones in the South Pole is blocked with a wall of the eye clear. This discovery has the record, because there is no other planet in the solar system except Earth with the eyewall.

Structure in Saturn

The core of Saturn is similar to Jupiter. This planet has at its heart and core of the planet is too hot, the temperature reaches 16 000 K (36.540 ° F, 18 730 ° C). Saturn's core is very hot and the planet's core is radiating about 21/2 times hotter than the amount of energy received from the Sun The core of Saturn Saturn as big as Earth, but the number density is higher. At the core of Saturn there are parts that are thinner metallic hydrogen, about 30,000 km (18.600 miles). On top of the section there is a region of liquid hydrogen and helium. Heavy Saturn core, with a mass of about 9 to 22 times the mass of the earth's core.

Planet saturnus

That rings planet Saturn is known in the solar system. Saturn is very far away from the Sun, Saturn Mangkanya look less obvious than Earth. evolusiny 29.46 years. Every 378 days, the Earth, Sun and Saturn will be in a straight line. In addition evolved rotation Saturn has a very short time, ie, 10 hours and 14 minutes.

Saturn has a lower density, because most of the constituent substances such as gases and liquids. Saturn's core is estimated to consist of solid rock with the atmosphere composed of ammonia and methane, which does not allow the existence of life on Saturn.

Saturn's rings are very unique, including thousands of rings that surround the planet. Material of ring formation is still unknown. The researchers suggest that ring was not possible because it is made of solid plates will be destroyed by centrifugal force. However, they may also be made of liquid due to centrifugal force will result in a wave. Until now, it is estimated that the most likely way that the rings are meteorite pieces of ice.

Until 2006, Saturn has 56 known satellites of natural fruit. Seven of them enough mass to be spherical collapse under its own gravitational force. They are Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan (largest satellite with a size larger than the planet Mercury), and Iapetus.

Saturn has the shape of a flattened at the poles, and blown out around the equator. Saturn's equatorial diameter of 120,536 kilometers (74.867 miles) in diameter that the North Pole to the South Pole in 108,728 km (67,535 miles), in contrast to 9%. Flattened form is due to the very fast rotation, rotating every 5 hours and 14 minutes Earth time. Saturn is the only planet in the solar system, whose density is less than water. Although the core Saturn has a higher density than water, the planet has an atmosphere containing the gas, so that the planet relative density is 0.69 g / cm ³ (less than water), as a result, if Saturn is placed on top of a pool filled with water, Saturn would float.

Ring Planet Jupiter

Jupiter's rings can not enjoy using a telescope. Unlike Saturn's rings is clearly visible from Earth with a small telescope though. Jupiter rings have multiple components, such as rings halo, gossamer main ring or rings.

Ring Halo is the deepest form of thick cloud is at a distance of 92 000 km - 122,500 km core of Jupiter. Increased inclination halo part by interactions with Jupiter's magnetic field. The next component is the main rings are thinner and narrower located at a distance of 122,500 km - 128.940 km from the center of Jupiter with a thickness of 30 km from top to bottom. In this section, there are also large particles, which fills the ring.

The last component of Jupiter's ring is a faint Gossamer rings and divided into two parts, namely Amalthea ring (which is close to Jupiter) and Thebe ring. Amalthea ring starts from satellite to the Jupiter Amalthea within a distance of 181,000 km and has a uniform brightness. While the Thebe ring located in the outer ring until Amalthea is at a distance of 222,000 km Jupiter. The ring is much weaker, but also thicker than the ring Amalthea, but when seen from the high resolution images taken by Galileo ring Tebe top and bottom edges will appear brighter than its center.

Rings of Jupiter was weak compared to the rings of Saturn and consists of reddish dark matter. That is, the material forming the ring is not in Saturn but as ice rock fragments and dust. The image taken by Voyager 2 shows that the particles forming the ring is very small, with only about 10 microns in diameter or less. You could say that the particles in the ring is not greater than the smoke particles or house dust. At the top and bottom of the ring to spread a cloud of particles, electrostatic fields are pushed out of the ring with the magnetic field of Jupiter.

If viewed from the position, the rings are within the Jupiter Roche limit is very close to the planet. In this area, there will be a satellite destroyed by the gravitational pull of the planet. This indicates that the Jupiter ring formed from a satellite has failed. Furthermore, the observations also showed that the Galileo spacecraft ring formed from a powder meteor hitting the surface of Jupiter satellites. During the journey of 7 years, Galileo was able to save thousands of collisions of particles in the rings of Jupiter 2002-2003.

Characteristics of Jupiter

NO	JENIS	HASIL
1	Name Planet	Jupiter
2	Kala Rotation	9,8 hours
3	Kala Revolution	11,86 days
4	Atmospheric	Hydrogen, Helium, Methane, Water, Etana, etc.
5	Satelit natural	(63) di antaranya Europa, Ganymede, Callisto
6	distance in the Sun	778,3 milion miles
7	Diameter Planet	14,980 km
8	Color Planet	-

Structure Foreign Jupiter

Jupiter's upper atmosphere is composed of about 88-92% hydrogen and 8-12% helium by volume percent or fraction of gas molecules (see table right). Since the helium atom has about four times as much as the mass of a hydrogen atom when the composition changes described in terms of the proportion of mass contributed by different atoms. Thus, the hydrogen atmosphere is about 75% and 24% helium by mass, with the remainder of one percent of the weight of compound of other elements. The interior contains solid material so that the distribution of about 71% hydrogen, 24% helium and 5% other elements by mass. Atmosphere contains traces of methane, water vapor, ammonia, and compounds based on silicon. There are also traces of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur. The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammonia. Through infrared and ultraviolet measurements, benzene and traces of other hydrocarbons were also found.

The proportion of atmospheric hydrogen and helium are very close to the theoretical composition of the primordial solar nebula. However, neon in the upper atmosphere consists of only 20 parts per million by weight, which is about one tenth as abundant as the sun. Helium is also depleted, though only around 80% of the composition of helium from the sun. Thinning may be the result of precipitation of these elements within the earth. abundance of heavy inert gases in Jupiter's atmosphere are about two to three times more than the sun.

Based on spectroscopy, Saturn is thought to be similar to the composition of Jupiter, but the other gas giants Uranus and Neptune have relatively much less hydrogen and helium. However, due to the lack of probes input atmospheric elements of high quality abundance heavier not exist outside the outer Jupiter.

Structure In Jupiter

Jupiter is one of the four gas giants, are not primarily composed of solid matter. It is the largest planet in the solar system, has a diameter of 142.984 km at the equator. Density of Jupiter, 1.326 g / cm ³, is the second largest of the giant planets of gas, but lower than any of the four terrestrial planets.

Jupiter is estimated to consist of a dense core with a mixture of elements, a surrounding layer of metallic hydrogen with some liquid helium, and dominated the outer layer of the mole

Planet Jupiter

Jupiter and Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun, after the closest Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.


The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778,300,000 km. Jupiter is the planet larger diameter and heavier equatorial 14,980 miles and has a mass 318 times the mass of Earth. Rotation period of the planet is 9.8 hours, while the period of revolution is 11.86 years. Jupiter Volume kai in 1319 the volume of the earth.

Being Water On Mars

NASA scientists have discovered reservoirs of frozen water in Martian underground, away from the polar cap.

The discovery is the latest sign that life might be able to survive on the red planet.

Radar that can penetrate the soil of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter reveals glacier in amounts up to half a mile thick buried beneath layers of rock and dust.

Scientists say an amount of up to three times the glacier than the size of Los Angeles.

"Overall, these glaciers almost certainly the largest reservoir of water ice on Mars, not the polar caps," said John Holt, an expert in geophysics at the University of Texas at Austin, and author of the report on the findings.

The report on their findings appear in the November 21 edition of the journal Science.

"In addition to their scientific value, these glaciers can be a source of water to support future exploration of Mars, Holt said, AFP reported.

Scientists of the research team consisted of 12 people were suspected frozen water reserves that are relics of the Ice Age on Mars millions of years ago.

Since water is one of the basic necessities of life, scientists said the frozen reservoir that is a promising sign for life beyond Earth.

Mars is the only planet whose surface can be seen in detail from Earth. Temperature of -140 degrees Celsius hingga20 degrees celsius. (OL-01)

Characteristics of Mars

NO	JENIS	HASIL
1	Name Planet	Mars
2	Kala Rotation	24,62 hours
3	Kala Revolution	687 days
4	Atmospheric	Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, other gases
5	Satelit natural	(2) Phobos and Deimon
6	distance in the Sun	230 milion miles
7	Diameter Planet	6,790 km
8	Color Planet	Blackish red

Structure Foreign Mars

Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, has a different atmosphere to the Earth's atmosphere. There is great interest in researching its composition since the discovery of a small amount of methane, which can mark the life on Mars.