Jupiter's upper atmosphere is composed of about 88-92% hydrogen and 8-12% helium by volume percent or fraction of gas molecules (see table right). Since the helium atom has about four times as much as the mass of a hydrogen atom when the composition changes described in terms of the proportion of mass contributed by different atoms. Thus, the hydrogen atmosphere is about 75% and 24% helium by mass, with the remainder of one percent of the weight of compound of other elements. The interior contains solid material so that the distribution of about 71% hydrogen, 24% helium and 5% other elements by mass. Atmosphere contains traces of methane, water vapor, ammonia, and compounds based on silicon. There are also traces of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur. The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammonia. Through infrared and ultraviolet measurements, benzene and traces of other hydrocarbons were also found.
The proportion of atmospheric hydrogen and helium are very close to the theoretical composition of the primordial solar nebula. However, neon in the upper atmosphere consists of only 20 parts per million by weight, which is about one tenth as abundant as the sun. Helium is also depleted, though only around 80% of the composition of helium from the sun. Thinning may be the result of precipitation of these elements within the earth. abundance of heavy inert gases in Jupiter's atmosphere are about two to three times more than the sun.
Based on spectroscopy, Saturn is thought to be similar to the composition of Jupiter, but the other gas giants Uranus and Neptune have relatively much less hydrogen and helium. However, due to the lack of probes input atmospheric elements of high quality abundance heavier not exist outside the outer Jupiter.
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